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1.
Prensa méd. argent ; 108(8): 397-400, 20220000. fig
Article in Spanish | LILACS, BINACIS | ID: biblio-1410687

ABSTRACT

La aparición del hematoma intrahepático subcapsular (SHI) después de la colecistectomía laparoscópica es una complicación poco frecuente. El estudio anatómico de las venas suprahepáticas nos permitió observar que existen numerosos patrones de ramificación de estos. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 37 años que, durante la intervención de colecistectomía laparoscópica, se observa en el acto quirúrgico, la formación espontánea de hematomas subcapsulares, secundario a la tracción forzada del fondo del órgano


The appearance of subcapsular intrahepatic hematoma (SHI) after laparoscopic cholecystectomy is an infrequent complication.The anatomical study of the suprahepatic veins allowed us to observe that there are numerous branching patterns of these. We present the case of a 37-year-old female who, during the laparoscopic cholecystectomy intervention, is observed in the surgical act, the spontaneous formation of subcapsular hematomas, secondary to forced traction of the fundus of the organ


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic , Hematoma , Hepatic Veins/anatomy & histology , Hepatic Veins/pathology , Liver/anatomy & histology
2.
Cir. Urug ; 6(1): e201, jul. 2022. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS, UY-BNMED, BNUY | ID: biblio-1384405

ABSTRACT

Introducción: El control pedicular durante las resecciones hepáticas puede hacerse mediante disección hiliar extrahepática (DHE) o abordaje glissoniano (AG). El AG intrahepático (AGI) según técnica de Machado puede brindar ciertas ventajas, especialmente en disecciones difíciles. Sin embargo, es menos empleado que la DHE. Objetivo: Analizar las bases anatómicas del AGI y comunicar nuestra experiencia clínica inicial. Material y métodos : El AGI según técnica de Machado se practicó en seis (6) hígados cadavéricos. Luego se hizo la disección hepática para valorar la efectividad del cargado pedicular y medir la profundidad de los diferentes pedículos glissonianos. La aplicación clínica de la técnica fue gradual y selectiva, aplicándola cuando nos parecía factible y que aportaba alguna ventaja sobre la DHE. Resultados: en los 6 hígados cadavéricos fue posible realizar el cargado de todos los pedículos glissonianos (lobares y sectoriales bilateralmente, así como los segmentarios izquierdos). Estos se encuentran a una profundidad menor a 2 cm de la capsula hepática, siendo accesibles para su control mediante AGI. La principal excepción es el pedículo anterior derecho, cuyo nacimiento es más profundo, lo que asociado a su origen en sentido cefálico y a veces ramificado, puede hacer más difícil su cargado. La aplicación del AGI se llevo a cabo en 5 pacientes, en todos fue efectiva, insumió poco tiempo y no tuvo complicaciones intraoperatorias. Conclusiones: el AGI según técnica de Machado es un procedimiento sistematizado, reproducible, factible y seguro, aún en su aplicación clínica inicial. El conocimiento anatómico de los pedículos glissonianos es fundamental para llevarlo a cabo con éxito.


Introduction: Pedicle control during liver resections can be done by extrahepatic hilar dissection (EHD) or the Glissonian approach (GA). Intrahepatic GA (IGA) according to the Machado technique can offer certain advantages, especially in difficult dissections. However, it is used less than the DHE. Objective : to analyze the anatomical bases of the IGA and to communicate our initial clinical experience. Material and methods : IGA according to the Machado technique was performed on six (6) cadaveric livers. Liver dissection was then performed to assess the effectiveness of pedicle loading and measure the depth of the different Glissonian pedicles. The clinical application of the technique was gradual and selective, applying it when it seemed feasible and that it provided some advantage over DUS. Results : in the 6 cadaveric livers it was possible to load all the Glissonian pedicles (lobar and sectoral bilaterally, as well as the left segmental ones). These are found at a depth of less than 2 cm from the hepatic capsule, being accessible for control by IGA. The main exception is the right anterior pedicle, whose origin is deeper, which, associated with its cephalad and sometimes branched origin, can make it more difficult to load. The application of the IGA was carried out in 5 patients, in all of them it was effective, it took little time and there were no intraoperative complications. Conclusions: the IGA according to the Machado technique is a systematic, reproducible, feasible and safe procedure, even in its initial clinical application. The anatomical knowledge of the Glissonian pedicles is essential to carry it out successfully.


Introdução: o controle pedicular durante as ressecções hepáticas pode ser feito por dissecção hilar extra-hepática (DHE) ou abordagem Glissoniana (AG). A AG intra-hepática (AGI) segundo a técnica de Machado pode oferecer algumas vantagens, principalmente em dissecções difíceis. No entanto, é usado menos do que o DHE. Objetivo: Analisar as bases anatômicas da AGI e comunicar nossa experiência clínica inicial. Material e métodos : A AGI segundo a técnica de Machado foi realizada em seis (6) fígados cadavéricos. A dissecção do fígado foi então realizada para avaliar a eficácia da carga pedicular e medir a profundidade dos diferentes pedículos Glissonianos. A aplicação clínica da técnica foi gradativa e seletiva, aplicando-a quando parecia viável e que proporcionava alguma vantagem sobre o USD. Resultados: nos 6 fígados cadavéricos foi possível carregar todos os pedículos Glissonianos (lobares e setoriais bilateralmente, assim como os segmentares esquerdos). Estes são encontrados a menos de 2 cm da cápsula hepática, sendo acessíveis para controle por AGI. A principal exceção é o pedículo anterior direito, cuja origem é mais profunda, o que, associado à sua origem cefálica e por vezes ramificada, pode dificultar o carregamento. A aplicação da AGI foi realizada em 5 pacientes, em todos foi eficaz, em pouco tempo e sem complicações intraoperatórias. Conclusões : AGI segundo a técnica de Machado é um procedimento sistemático, reprodutível, factível e seguro, mesmo em sua aplicação clínica inicial. O conhecimento anatômico dos pedículos Glissonianos é essencial para realizá-lo com sucesso.


Subject(s)
Humans , Hepatectomy/methods , Hepatic Veins/surgery , Liver/surgery , Treatment Outcome , Hepatectomy/adverse effects , Hepatic Veins/anatomy & histology , Intraoperative Complications , Liver/anatomy & histology
3.
Int. j. morphol ; 37(3): 1179-1186, Sept. 2019. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1012414

ABSTRACT

Due to a lack of consensus on the description of the human liver anatomy, we decided to explore different researches worldwide. Studies are focused on the hepatic vascularization. The results obtained through serial dissections in embryos, fetuses and adults have contributed to new definitions. Researchers around the world have agreed on finding the bases to propose a liver segmentation with seven portal segments.


La confusión existente en la descripción de la anatomía del hígado humano nos llevó a realizar esta revisión a nivel mundial. Las investigaciones se centran en la vascularización del hígado, el conocimiento obtenido mediante disecciones seriadas en embriones, fetos y adultos han aportado nuevos conocimientos que fundamentan nuevas definiciones. Investigadores de países distantes han coincidido en encontrar las bases para proponer una segmentación del hígado con siete segmentos portales.


Subject(s)
Humans , Liver/anatomy & histology , Hepatic Veins/anatomy & histology , Liver/embryology , Liver/blood supply
4.
Int. j. morphol ; 36(3): 931-936, Sept. 2018. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-954210

ABSTRACT

SUMMARY: We wanted to know how many segmental portal branches were born from the primary branches of the hepatic portal vein in the porta hepatis, in order to determine the number of portal segments in human liver. We studied 286 human livers, age groups ranging from fetuses to octogenarians, both sexes and all races, using dissection, colored acrylic injection and reconstituted tomographic images. We found the porta hepatis channel formed by each and every portal segment; we found seven segmental terminal pedicles for seven portal segments, three planes of vertical and three planes of horizontal portal fissures. There are seven terminal portal pedicles that are formed in the porta hepatis from the right and left branches of the hepatic portal vein. The only variation was portal branch V emerging from the right branch in 79 % of cases or from the left branch in 21 %. The definition of hepatic portal segment is: Portion of parenchyma irrigated by terminal branches of the portal vein and the hepatic artery proper, isolated from the other segments by planes of portal fissures and forms the parenchymal channel of the porta hepatis where it receives its vascularization. We propose a new and simple portal segmentation based on the previous definition.


RESUMEN: El objetivo de este trabajo consistió en conocer el número de ramas portales segmentarias que nacen de las ramas primarias de la vena porta hepática en la Porta hepatis, con la finalidad de determinar el número de segmentos portales en el hígado humano. Estudiamos 286 hígados, los grupos etarios fueron desde fetos hasta octogenarios, ambos sexos y todas las razas, usamos la disección en fresco, inyección de acrílico coloreado e imágenes tomográficas reconstituidas. El canal de la Porta hepatis estuvo formado por todos y cada uno de los segmentos portales, encontramos siete pedículos terminales segmentarios para siete segmentos portales, el pedículo portal para el segmento V nació de la porta derecha en 79 % de casos y de la porta izquierda en 21 %, encontramos tres planos de fisuras portales verticales y tres horizontales. Existen siete pedículos segmentarios portales terminales que se forman en la Porta hepatis a partir de las ramas derecha e izquierda de la vena porta hepática. La única variación fue que la rama portal para el segmento V nació de la rama derecha en 79 % de casos y de la rama izquierda en 21 %. Concluimos que la definición de segmento portal hepático es: Porción de parénquima irrigado por ramas terminales de la vena porta y la arteria hepática propia, aislada de los otros segmentos por planos de fisuras y que llega a conformar el canal parenquimal de la Porta hepatis donde recibe su vascularización. Proponemos una nueva y sencilla segmentación portal basada en la definición previa.


Subject(s)
Humans , Portal Vein/anatomy & histology , Hepatic Veins/anatomy & histology , Liver/blood supply
5.
Int. j. morphol ; 36(2): 402-406, jun. 2018. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-954128

ABSTRACT

SUMMARY: The liver dimensional (3D) models, consists of eight segments including portal triad (portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile duct), are necessary because it is difficult to dissect a liver and its inner structures. But it is difficult to produce 3D models from high resolution and color sectioned-images. This study presents automatic and accurate methods for producing liver 3D models from the sectionedimages. Based on the sectioned-images and color-filled-images of the liver, a 3D model including both the portal triad and hepatic vein was made. Referring to the 3D model, 3D models of liver's eight segments including the segmental branches of the portal triad and hepatic vein were completed and saved as STL format. All STL files were combined and saved as Liver-3D in PDF format for the common user. By functional subdivision of liver, the Liver-3D was divided into left (segments II, III, and, IV) and right (segments V, VI, VII, and VIII) liver in bookmark window of the PDF file. In addition, in Liver-3D, the primary to tertiary segmental branches of the portal triad could be shown in different colors. Owing to the difficulty of 3D modeling of liver including eight segments and segmental branches of the portal triad and hepatic, we started this research to find automatic methods for producing 3D models. The methods for producing liver 3D models will assist in 2D selection and 3D modeling of other complicated structures.


RESUMEN: Los modelos hepáticos dimensionales (3D) consisten en ocho segmentos que incluyen la tríada portal (vena porta, arteria hepática y conducto biliar), y son necesarios ya que es difícil disecar un hígado y sus estructuras internas. Sin embargo, es difícil producir modelos 3D a partir de imágenes en alta resolución e imágenes seccionadas en color. Este estudio presenta métodos automáticos y precisos para producir modelos 3D de hígado a partir de las imágenes seccionadas. Sobre la base de las imágenes seccionadas y las imágenes del hígado llenas de color, se realizó un modelo 3D que incluía tanto la tríada portal como la vena hepática. En referencia al modelo 3D, se completaron modelos 3D de los ocho segmentos del hígado que incluían las ramas segmentarias de la tríada portal y la vena hepática y se guardaron como formato STL. Todos los archivos STL fueron combinados y guardados como Liver-3D en formato PDF para el usuario común. Por subdivisión funcional del hígado, el hígado-3D se dividió en hígado izquierdo (segmentos II, III y IV) y derecho (segmentos V, VI, VII y VIII) en la ventana de marcador del archivo PDF. Además, en Liver-3D, las ramas segmentarias primarias a terciarias de la tríada portal podrían mostrarse en diferentes colores. Debido a la dificultad del modelado 3D del hígado, incluidos ocho segmentos y ramas segmentarias de la tríada portal y hepática, comenzamos esta investigación para encontrar métodos automáticos para producir modelos 3D. Los métodos para producir modelos 3D de hígado ayudarán en la selección 2D y el modelado 3D de otras estructuras complicadas.


Subject(s)
Humans , Anatomy, Cross-Sectional , Imaging, Three-Dimensional , Hepatic Veins/diagnostic imaging , Liver/diagnostic imaging , Visible Human Projects , Hepatic Veins/anatomy & histology , Liver/blood supply , Models, Anatomic
6.
Int. j. morphol ; 36(1): 113-120, Mar. 2018. graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-893197

ABSTRACT

RESUMEN: El conocimiento anatómico es necesario para la cirugía hepática. Los conocimientos acerca de la porción izquierda del hígado que aparecen en los textos de anatomía, cirugía y en la Internet deben ser mejorados y enriquecidos, proponemos hacerlo con este trabajo. Se estudiaron 286 hígados humanos que nos permitieron determinar entre otros conocimientos los siguientes: La porción izquierda del hígado fue más grande que la derecha en 21 % de casos. 2) La porción izquierda del hígado estuvo formada por los cuatro primeros segmentos portales (79 %) o por los cinco primeros (21 %). 3) La fisura umbilical se inclinó 50 grados hacia la izquierda en relación al plano sagital del hígado y no contuvo a la vena hepática izquierda en 100 % de casos. 4) La vena hepática izquierda tuvo un trayecto intrasegmentario y presentó tres modalidades de drenaje. 5) La irrigación arterial de los segmentos izquierdos I y IV nació de la rama derecha en 16 % y de ambas ramas en 24 %. 6) El drenaje biliar de los segmentos derechos VI-VII llegó al conducto hepático izquierdo en 21 % de casos. Estos resultados fueron diferentes de los conocimientos que figuran en los textos de anatomía humana usados en las Escuelas de Medicina a nivel general.


SUMMARY: Accurate anatomical knowledge is necessary for liver surgery. Much of the knowledge about the left portion of the liver in the anatomy, surgery and internet texts must be improved and enriched; we propose to do this with this work. We studied 286 human livers that allowed us to determine further knowledge, along with the following information: 1) The left liver portion was larger than the right liver in 21 % of cases. 2) The left portion of the liver was formed by the first four portal segments (79 %) or by the first five (21 %). 3) The umbilical fissure tilted 50 degrees to the left relative to the sagittal plane of the liver and did not contain the left hepatic vein in 100 % of cases. 4) The left hepatic vein had an intrasegmental path and presented three drainage modalities. 5) Arterial irrigation of the left segments I and IV were born from the right branch in 16 % and from both branches in 24 %. 6) Bile drainage of right segments VI-VII reached the left hepatic canal in 21 % of cases. These results were different from the knowledge contained in the human anatomy texts used in medical schools at the general level.


Subject(s)
Humans , Liver/anatomy & histology , Hepatic Veins/anatomy & histology , Liver/blood supply
7.
Int. j. morphol ; 34(4): 1522-1530, Dec. 2016. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-840918

ABSTRACT

Estudiamos la estructura intrahepática en 200 hígados (A05.8.01.001)* humanos: Las ramas portales, arteriales y biliares formaron siete pedículos segmentarios antes de penetrar en su parénquima correspondiente. Los cuatro primeros pertenecen, generalmente, al lóbulo izquierdo (A05.8.01.027) y los segmentos V, VI y VII al lóbulo derecho (A05.8.01.026). En un 80 % la rama portal V es derecha y en 20 % izquierda; por su parte, en un 80 % la fisura portal principal (A05.8.01.035) divide el lóbulo derecho del izquierdo, extendiéndose desde la fosa de la vesícula biliar (A05.8.01.013) al margen izquierdo de la vena cava inferior (A12.3.09.001); en un 20 % la fisura portal derecha (A05.8.01.036) divide el lóbulo derecho del izquierdo, ella se extiende desde un punto equidistante entre el margen vesicular derecho y el ángulo anterior derecho del hígado, describiendo una curva de convexidad externa y alcanza el margen derecho de la vena cava inferior. En un 70 % el hígado estuvo irrigado por la arteria hepática propia (A12.2.12.029), en un 30 % ésta se anastomosaba con arterias hepáticas accesorias. Observamos anastomosis entre la arteria hepática derecha (A12.2.12.030) y la izquierda (A12.2.12.035) en un 55 % de los casos en el hilio inferior y no en el espesor del parénquima. Las arterias segmentarias al penetrar a su correspondiente segmento se vuelven terminales. Los conductos biliares aberrantes son conductos biliares segmentarios que no han confluido para constituir el conducto hepático derecho (A05.8.01.062), drenan en el conducto hepático común (A05.8.01.061) o en el conducto cístico (A05.8.02.011). El tronco común biliar de los segmentos VI y VII drena en el conducto hepático izquierdo (A05.8.01.065) en el 21 % de los casos, no más allá de un cm del punto de formación del conducto hepático común. En relación al grupo venoso superior, conformado por la vena hepática izquierda (A12.3.09.008), vena hepática intermedia (A12.3.09.007) y vena hepática derecha (A12.3.09.006), observamos venas del lóbulo caudado+ en el 100 % de los casos y la vena hepática inferior derecha+ en el 61 %. Estas tenían un diámetro entre 5 y 20 mm, habiendo 5 % de casos con vena hepática media derecha+. En un 40 % existe un puente parenquimal que une los segmentos III y IV. En un 25 % apreciamos lóbulos hepáticos accesorios que se desprenden de la cara visceral del hígado. El objetivo de este trabajo consistió en aportar una clasificación sencilla de la segmentación hepática desde un punto de vista quirúrgico.


Intrahepatic structure study in 200 human livers: The Portal, arterial and biliary branches form seven segmental pedicles before entering the corresponding parenchyma. The first four belong, generally to the left lobe and the number V, VI and VII to the right. In 80 % portal branch V is right and 20 % is left, so in 80 % the line dividing both hemi livers ranges from biliary cystic fossa to the left edge of the inferior cava vein; in 20 % said line running from a equidistant point between biliary cystic fossa right margin and the right anterior angle edge of the liver, describes a convex outer curve and reaches the right edge of the inferior cava vein. 70 % of the livers were supplied by the hepatic artery, in 30 % there were anastomosis with accessory hepatic arteries. We observed anastomosis between the left and right hepatic artery in 55 % of cases in the hilum plate and not in the thickness of the parenchyma. Segmental arteries while penetrating their segments, become terminal. Aberrant bile ducts are segmental bile, they have not come together to form the right hepatic duct, draining into the common hepatic or cystic. Biliary common duct segments VI and VII drains into the left hepatic duct in 21 % of cases, no more than 1 cm from the point of formation of the common hepatic. Besides in (left hepatic, intermediate and and right hepatic) upper venous system we observed veins in the caudate lobe in 100 % of cases, and right lower hepatic in 61 % of cases, these had a diameter between 5 and 20 mm, and 5 % with right middle hepatic. At 40 % there is a parenchymal bridge linking segments III and IV. In 25 % we appreciate accessory lobes arising from the underside of the liver. The aim of this study was to provide a simple classification of the hepatic segmentation from a surgical point of view.


Subject(s)
Humans , Hepatic Artery/anatomy & histology , Hepatic Veins/anatomy & histology , Liver/blood supply , Portal System/anatomy & histology , Liver/anatomy & histology
8.
Int. j. morphol ; 32(3): 909-913, Sept. 2014. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-728286

ABSTRACT

El presente trabajo describe la arborización del sistema venoso portal intrahepático desde los enfoques anatómico, radiológico y ecográfico. Se realizaron 5 preparados anatómicos mediante inyección de resinas plásticas y posterior corrosión. Por radiología se contrastó el árbol portal en una pieza anatómica. Se realizaron estudios ecográficos bidimensionales y Doppler en 13 caninos de raza Beagle. Estos procedimientos permitieron a los autores comparar la tridimensionalidad de los preparados anatómicos con la bidimensionalidad de los estudios por imágenes.


This article describes the distribution of the intra-hepatic portal vein system by means of anatomy, radiology and ultrasound echo-scan approach. Five anatomical resin-embedded vein preparations with posterior corrosion have been done. The portal tree was depicted by radiology. Ultrasound B-mode and Doppler Scans were performed on 13 beagle dogs. These procedures allowed the authors to compare the three-dimensional preparations with the two-dimensional imaging methods.


Subject(s)
Portal Vein/diagnostic imaging , Dogs/anatomy & histology , Hepatic Veins/diagnostic imaging , Liver/diagnostic imaging , Portal Vein/diagnostic imaging , Cadaver , Portography , Corrosion Casting , Ultrasonography, Doppler , Hepatic Veins/anatomy & histology , Liver/blood supply
9.
Int. j. morphol ; 27(3): 849-854, sept. 2009. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-598947

ABSTRACT

This study was aimed at identifying the changes in diameter and structural composition of the Hepatic Inferior Vena Cava in its infrahepatic, intrahepatic and suprahepatic portions. Eighty adult liver specimens from the Chiromo and Nairobi City mortuaries were used for morphometry, while twenty of them were processed for light microscopy. A constriction was noted in the mid-portion of the HIVC, while structurally; the intrahepatic portion had thicker fibromuscular adventitia. It is plausible that these are sphincteric apparatus to prevent backflow of blood in the Hepatic Inferior Vena Cava.


Este estudio tiene por objetivo identificar los cambios en el diámetro y la composición estructural de la vena cava inferior hepática en sus porciones infrahepática, intrahepática y suprahepática. Ochenta hígados de especímenes adultos de los depósitos de cadáveres de la ciudad de Nairobi y Chiromo fueron usadas para morfometría, mientras que veinte de ellos fueron procesados para microscopía de luz. Se observó una constricción en el medio de la HIVC, mientras que estructuralmente, la porción intrahepática había una gruesa adventicia fibromuscular. Es posible que este sea un aparato esfinteriano para evitar el reflujo de sangre en la vena cava inferior hepática.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Vena Cava, Inferior/anatomy & histology , Vena Cava, Inferior/embryology , Vena Cava, Inferior/ultrastructure , Hepatic Veins/anatomy & histology , Hepatic Veins/embryology , Hepatic Veins/ultrastructure , Anatomy, Regional , Cadaver , Sphincter of Oddi/anatomy & histology , Sphincter of Oddi/ultrastructure
10.
Pesqui. vet. bras ; 29(4): 327-332, Apr. 2009. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-519582

ABSTRACT

A distribuição intraparenquimal das veias porta-hepáticas foi estudada em 30 gansos domésticos. Latex Neoprene corado foi injetado pela veia isquiática e os animais forma fixados por imersão e injeção intramuscular com formol a 10 por cento e dissecados. O fígado esteve composto por um grande lobo hepático direito e por um lobo hepático esquerdo menor, os quais estiveram conectados por uma ponte de parênquima. O lobo direito do fígado teve exclusivamente vasos do sistema porta-hepático formados pela distribuição intraparenquimal da veia porta-hepática direita, enquanto que no lobo esquerdo estes originaram-se da veia porta-hepática direita e de pequenas veias porta-hepáticas esquerdas. A veia porta-hepática direita emitiu o ramo caudal direito, que emitiu um pequeno ramo caudolateral direito e um grande ramo caudomedial direito. Cranialmente esta veia emitiu os ramos craniais direito e ramos lateral direito. A porção transversa da veia porta-hepática direita cruzou para o lobo hepático esquerdo, emitindo de 1 a 6 pequenos ramos craniais e caudais para a região média do fígado. No lobo esquerdo, o ramo esquerdo da veia porta-hepática direita emitiu o ramo cranial esquerdo, o ramo lateral esquerdo e o ramo medial. De 1 a 6 veias porta-hepáticas esquerdas foram identificadas desembocando ou no ramo esquerdo da veia porta-hepática direita ou em sua porção transversa, oriundos do ventrículo gástrico e do pró-ventrículo. Em 40 por cento dos gansos uma veia porta-hepática própria oriunda da confluência de vasos venosos da face esquerda do ventrículo distribuiu-se na extremidade caudal do lobo esquerdo isoladamente.


The intraparenchymal distribution of the hepatic portal veins in 30 domestic geese were studied. Stained Neoprene latex was injected into the isquiatic vessels, and the animals were fixed in 10 percent formaldehyde by immersion and intramuscular injection. The liver of geese was composed of a large right and a smaller left hepatic lobe, connected by a parenchyma bridge. The right hepatic lobe had vessels exclusively from the hepatic portal system composed by intraparenchymal distribution of the right hepatic portal vein, while the vessels of the left hepatic lobe came from the right hepatic portal vein and from small left hepatic portal veins. The right hepatic portal vein emitted the right caudal branch, which emitted a small right caudolateral branch and a large right caudomedial branch. Cranially this vein emitted right cranial and right lateral branches. The tranverse portion of the right hepatic portal vein crossed to the left hepatic lobe, emitting 1 to 6 small cranial and caudal branches to the medial area of the liver. In the left hepatic lobe, the left branch from the right hepatic vein emitted the left cranial, left lateral and left median branches. One to six left hepatic portal veins were identified arising from the left branch or from the transverse portion of the right hepatic portal vein. These vessels arose from the gizzard and pro-ventricle. In 40 percent of geese one proper hepatic portal vein originated from venous vessels of the gizzard and was distributed into the caudal extremity of the left hepatic isolated lobe.


Subject(s)
Animals , Geese , Portal Vein/anatomy & histology , Hepatic Veins/anatomy & histology
11.
Pesqui. vet. bras ; 29(4): 333-338, Apr. 2009. ilus, graf, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-519583

ABSTRACT

A ultra-sonografia (US) é uma das técnicas de exame complementar eletivas para o diagnóstico de enfermidades hepáticas de diversas espécies domésticas. Em ovinos, no entanto, existem poucos relatos sobre o aspecto ultra-sonográfico de enfermidades hepáticas e não há definição precisa dos padrões anatômicos da US normal do fígado. Neste estudo foram utilizados 58 ovinos da raça Santa Inês: n1=8 machos, n2=10 fêmeas não gestantes e n3=40 fêmeas gestantes. Os animais foram escaneados do 12º ao 8º espaços intercostais (EI) para se observar a localização da veia cava caudal (VC), veia porta (VP) e vesícula biliar (VB) e para se aferir a espessura do fígado sobre a VC e VP no 11º e 10º EI. O fígado foi examinado de forma satisfatória do 12º até o 8º EI. Nesta área, tanto a VC como a VP, foram observadas do 12º ao 9º EI, porém a VC não foi examinada de forma adequada em 11 animais, 10 com peso acima de 50kg. Entre os dois grupos de fêmeas, a VC e a VP foram observadas com maior freqüência no 11º e 10º EI e em todos os machos examinados do 12º ao 10º EI. A localização da vesícula biliar oscilou entre o 10º e o 8º EI, com maior incidência a nível do 9º e 8º EI nas fêmeas gestantes e não gestantes, e sobre o 9º EI nos machos. Comparativamente, a ecogenicidade do parênquima hepático foi mais intensa do que a do córtex renal. Houve correlação significativa entre o peso do fígado e a espessura hepática sobre a veia porta no 11º e o 10º EI no grupo de fêmeas gestantes. A US forneceu informações importantes quanto a topografia e ecogenicidade do fígado e mostrou ser uma ferramenta útil para estimar o peso do órgão.


The ultrasonography (US) is a complementary technique of choice for the diagnostic of hepatic diseases in many domestics' species. In sheep however there are few reports about ultrasonography in hepatic diseases and there is not precise definition about the anatomic standards of normal liver limits in ultrasonographic examination. In this study 58 Santa Inês sheep breed were used and divided in 3 groups: n1=8 males, n2=10 not pregnant females and n3=40 pregnant females. The animals were scanned from the 12º to 8º intercostal spaces (EI) to observe the localization of the vena cava caudal (VC), gallbladder (VB) and to measure the liver thickness above the VC and vena portae VP under the 11º and 10º EI. The liver was examined on satisfactory way from the 12º till the 8º EI. Both the VC and the VP where observed from the 12º to 9º EI, however the VC could not be observed in 11 animals, 10 of them were over 50 kg. Between the two female groups the VC and VP where observed most frequently from the 11º to 10º EI and in all males examined from the 12º to 10º EI. The location of the gallbladder varies between the 10º to the 8º EI, with bigger incidence between the 9º and the 8º EI in pregnant and no pregnant females groups and underneath the 9º EI on the male group. Comparatively, the ecogenicity of the liver parenchyma was more intense than kidney cortex. There was a significant correlation between liver's weight and hepatic thikness above the vena portae on the 11º and 10º EI on the pregnant females group. The US supplied to important information about the topography and echogenicity of the liver and showed to be a useful tool to esteem the liver's weight.


Subject(s)
Animals , Liver , Sheep , Portal Vein/anatomy & histology , Hepatic Veins/anatomy & histology , Gallbladder
12.
Arq. gastroenterol ; 44(4): 325-331, out.-dez. 2007. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-476187

ABSTRACT

RACIONAL: No transplante hepático intervivos a anatomia da tríade portal e da drenagem venosa hepática do doador são de suma importância para o sucesso do procedimento. OBJETIVO: Analisar comparativamente os achados de exames de imagem no pré-operatório com os achados cirúrgicos em relação à anatomia da tríade portal e veias de drenagem hepática em doadores para transplante hepático intervivos. MÉTODOS: No período de março de 1998 a agosto de 2005 foram revisados os prontuários dos doadores para transplante hepático intervivos realizados no Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR. A anatomia no pré-operatório foi analisada através de: a) arteriografia celíaca e mesentérica para a artéria hepática e veia porta (fase venosa); b) ressonância magnética para a drenagem venosa, veia porta e vias biliares. Critérios de normalidade foram estabelecidos de acordo com estudos da literatura. Os achados pré-operatórios foram comparados com os achados peroperatórios no doador. RESULTADO: Em relação à anatomia da veia porta e artéria hepática foram estudados 44 pacientes, 16 do sexo feminino e 28 do sexo masculino, com idade média de 33 anos. Em 8 casos foi captado o lobo hepático esquerdo para receptor pediátrico e em 36 casos o lobo hepático direito para receptor adulto. Em relação à anatomia biliar foram estudados 37 casos e em relação à anatomia da drenagem venosa, 32 casos. No total, em 36,36 por cento dos casos, os achados referentes à anatomia nos exames pré-operatórios não coincidiram com os achados peroperatórios. Para a artéria hepática os achados foram discordantes em 11,36 por cento dos casos, para a veia porta foram discordantes em 9,1 por cento, para a drenagem venosa em 9,37 por cento e para as vias biliares em 21,6 por cento. CONCLUSÃO: São freqüentes achados discrepantes referentes à anatomia da tríade portal e drenagem venosa hepática na análise pré-operatória do doador para transplante hepático intervivos...


BACKGROUND: Success in living donor liver transplantation is associated to donor vascular and biliar anatomy. AIM: Compare pre-operative and per-operative findings in living liver donors related to portal vein, hepatic artery, bile duct and hepatic venous drainage anatomy. METHODS: Donors charts of living donor liver transplants done at Clinics Hospital of the Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil, were reviewed between March 1998 and August 2005. On the pre-operative period the anatomy was analysed through: celiac and mesenteric arteriography of the hepatic artery and portal vein (venous phase); magnetic resonance imaging of the venous drainage, portal vein and bile duct. Normality was determined based on data of the literature. Pre-operative findings were compared to per-operative findings. RESULTS: Portal vein and hepatic artery were studied in 44 patients, 16 females and 28 males, mean age of 33 years old. In 8 cases the left liver lobe was used to pediatric receptor, in 36 cases the right liver lobe was used to adult receptor. Bile duct anatomy was studied in 37 cases and venous drainage in 32. Over all, the findings related to pre-operative and per-operative anatomy were not coincident in 36.36 percent of the cases. In the case of hepatic artery, they were not coincident in 11.36 percent, in the case of the portal vein in 9.1 percent, in the case of the venous drainage in 9.37 percent and in the case of the bile duct in 21.6 percent. CONCLUSION: The pre-operative and per-operative findings related to vascular and bile duct donor anatomy are frequently different in living donor liver transplantation.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Liver Transplantation , Living Donors , Liver/blood supply , Angiography , Bile Ducts/anatomy & histology , Hepatic Artery/anatomy & histology , Hepatic Veins/anatomy & histology , Intraoperative Period , Liver/anatomy & histology , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Preoperative Care , Portal Vein/anatomy & histology
13.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-17398

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Information regarding the size and position of the ostia of veins opening into the retrohepatic segment of inferior vena cava (HIVC) in northwest Indians is not available. Knowledge of gross anatomy of this segment is of importance in cases of segmental resection of the liver involving the groove for inferior vena cava (IVC) and when performing selective hepatic venography. We carried out this study to provide information on gross anatomy of HIVC in northwest Indians. METHODS: Livers were obtained from 500 adult autopsy subjects. The HIVC was opened posteriorly by a vertical cut and its circumference at the upper and lower cut ends was measured. To study the position of the ostia of the hepatic veins, HIVC was divided transversely into upper, middle and lower thirds. The anterior and anterolateral walls of HIVC were also divided into four equal parts longitudinally. The venous ostia were classified according to the size of their openings. In addition, in 100 livers the openings were injected with a 20 per cent solution of cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) in acetone and veins were dissected. RESULTS: The HIVC extended upwards and to the left either obliquely (66.4%) or by describing a gentle curve (33.6%) in its upper half or upper third. Its average length was about 71 mm. Mean diameter at the upper cut end was about 19 mm. The posterior aspect of the upper half or upper one third of HIVC was covered by an extension of the caudate lobe completely (4%) or incompletely (7.4%). The ostia of the left, middle and right hepatic veins were large (>10 mm) and were located in the upper third segment of HIVC. In 87 per cent of specimens the left and middle hepatic veins had a common opening on the left anterior area. The ostium of the right hepatic vein was present in the right anterior area. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSION: In conclusion, our study provided gross measurements of HIVC in northwest Indians. A knowledge of the anatomy of HIVC and hepatic venous ostia will help the clinician interventional operator in planning the treatment by choosing a balloon of correct size and at correct site. The measurements helps in determining the fall in portal pressure with pharmacotherapy given for the prevention of variceal bleed.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Hepatic Veins/anatomy & histology , Humans , Liver/anatomy & histology , Male , Middle Aged , Vena Cava, Inferior/anatomy & histology
14.
Braz. j. vet. res. anim. sci ; 43(1): 87-94, 2006.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-453743

ABSTRACT

Considerando a escassez de informações na literatura, buscou-se traçar um perfil de formação da veia porta-hepática em 20 coelhos, reconhecendo o padrão de sua formação extraparenquimal e as possíveis relações entre os padrões de formação e distribuição da veia porta nesta espécie. Os animais foram injetados com látex Neoprene, fixados em formalina 10% e dissecados. A veia porta, na sua trajetória extraparenquimal, constituiu-se da junção da veia mesentérica cranial e caudal, recebendo ainda tributárias do estômago, baço e pâncreas. A veia mesentérica cranial formou-se, na totalidade dos casos a partir da confluência de um tronco jejunal e um tronco ileocecocólico. O tronco jejunal foi formado pela união de oito a dezoito veias jejunais e o tronco ileocecocólico constituiu-se a partir do encontro das veias cólicas, cecais e ileais, em diferentes arranjos e números. A veia mesentérica caudal foi formada pela união das veias retal e cólica esquerda.


Considering the shortage of information in the literature, it is looked for to draw a profile of formation of the portal vein in twenty rabbits, to recognize the distribution pattern, looking for evidences of possible correlation between the formation patterns and the distribution of the portal vein. The animaIs were injected by Neoprene latex, flxed in formalin 10% and dissected. The hepatic-portal vein, in it extraparenquimal trajectory, was constituted, for the junction of the cranial and caudal mesenteric veins and receives veins from the stomach, spleen and pancreas. The cranial mesenteric vein receives, in ali cases, a jejunal and an ileocecocolic trunk. The jejunal trunk was formed by the junction from eight to eighteen jejunal veins. The ileocecocolic trunk was formed by the encounter of the colic, cecals and ileal veins, in different arranjements and numbers. The caudal mesenteric vein was formed by junction of the rectal and left colic veins.


Subject(s)
Intestines/anatomy & histology , Intestines/metabolism , Rabbits , Hepatic Veins/anatomy & histology , Hepatic Veins/metabolism
15.
ABCD (São Paulo, Impr.) ; 19(1): 3-6, 2006. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-431928

ABSTRACT

Anomalias das veias hepáticas são comuns e podem aumentar as complicações do transplante hepático intervivos. Objetivo - avaliar a anatomia das veias hepáticas nos doadores e receptores do transplante hepático intervivos realizados no Hospital de Clínicas da Universida Federal do Paraná e do Hospital Nossa Senhora das Graças de Curitiba / Anomalies of the hepatic veins are common and may increase complications after living related liver transplantation. Aim - to describe the anatomy of the hepatic artery of donors and recipients of living related liver transplantation...


Subject(s)
Humans , Living Donors/classification , Liver Transplantation , Hepatic Veins/anatomy & histology , Liver Circulation
16.
São Paulo; s.n; 2006. [80] p. ilus, tab, graf.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-587081

ABSTRACT

INTRODUÇÃO: No método piggyback de transplante de fígado (Tx), o pinçamento da veia cava inferior (VCI) do receptor é apenas parcial, permitindo a manutenção do retorno venoso durante a fase anepática sem a necessidade de utilização de desvio veno-venoso. A essa vantagem, contrapõe-se uma maior incidência de obstrução da drenagem venosa do enxerto, complicação que está relacionada com o tipo de reconstrução empregado. A implantação da VCI do enxerto no óstio das veias hepáticas média e esquerda (ME) do receptor tem sido evitada devido a uma maior freqüência de bloqueio venoso. Essa incidência diminui quando são empregadas a anastomose látero-lateral (LL) ou a implantação da VCI do enxerto no óstio das veias hepáticas direita, média e esquerda (DME) do receptor. Entretanto, essas reconstruções reduzem a eficiência do retorno venoso na fase anepática do Tx devido à constrição mais pronunciada da VCI durante o pinçamento necessário para a confecção da anastomose. A alternativa de utilizar o óstio formado pelas veias hepáticas direita e média (DM) pode propiciar uma constrição menor da VCI. Entretanto, esse benefício só se justifica se a via de efluxo venoso obtida não apresentar restrições anatômicas. O objetivo deste trabalho é comparar a congruência do perímetro da VCI com o perímetro das bocas anastomóticas e dos óstios de drenagem na VCI, obtidos por meio da utilização das modalidades DM e DME para a reconstrução do efluxo venoso no Tx piggyback. MÉTODO: Foram estudados prospectivamente 16 cadáveres frescos. Após a hepatectomia total, realizou-se o estudo morfométrico da confluência hepatocaval aferindo-se o perímetro da VCI (PVCI) e, nas reconstruções DM e DME, o perímetro das bocas anastomóticas (PDM e PDME) e dos óstios de desembocadura na VCI (PoDM e PoDME). Foram obtidas imagens digitalizadas de todos os perímetros. As medidas foram realizadas por meio do programa analisador de imagens KS300. A análise estatística foi realizada por meio de análise...


INTRODUCTION: In piggyback liver transplantation (LT), partial clamping of the recipient inferior vena cava (IVC) preserves the venous return of the lower extremities during the anhepatic phase precluding the use of venovenous bypass. The incidence of hepatic venous outflow obstruction after piggyback LT varies according to the type of venous reconstruction. Anastomosis between the cranial portion of the graft IVC and common stump of the middle and left hepatic veins (ME) of the recipient has been avoided due to a higher frequency of hepatic venous outflow obstruction. This incidence decreases when a cavo-caval side-to-side anastomosis (SS) or the ostium of the three main hepatic veins of the recipient (RML) are used. On the other hand, venous return is reduced in these modalities due to a more pronounced constriction during the IVC clamping. The use of the ostium formed by the right and middle hepatic veins (RM) may limit IVC constriction. However, this benefit is only justified if a hepatic venous outflow tract with no anatomical restrictions can be obtained. The aim of this study is to compare the congruence of the IVC perimeter with the perimeter of the venous outflow tract at the anastomotic site and also its opening into the IVC both in the RM and RML modalities. METHODS: Sixteen fresh human cadavers were prospectively studied. After total hepatectomy, a morphometric study of the hepatocaval confluence was done by measuring the perimeter of the IVC (IVCP) and, in RM and RML reconstructions, the perimeter of the venous outflow tract at the anastomotic site (RMP and RMLP) and at its opening into the IVC (RMoP and RMLoP). Digital images of all perimeters were obtained. The measurements were accomplished utilizing the KS300 image analysis software. The statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures. Statistical significance was established when the p value was less than 0.05. RESULTS: Examinations were...


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Anatomy , Cadaver , Comparative Study , Liver Circulation , Liver Transplantation , Hepatic Veins/anatomy & histology
17.
Braz. j. morphol. sci ; 21(1): 39-46, Jan.-Mar. 2004. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-658765

ABSTRACT

The left lateral division or left anatomical lobe of the liver is subdivided into posterior lateral or S2 and the anteriorlateral or S3 segments. Because this lobe is widely used in hepatic transplantation, the ramifications of the portal veinand of the hepatic veins have been extensively studied. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency ofcases in which it is possible to delimit the S2 and S3 hepatic segments. Forty livers from Brazilian subjects ofEuropean and African descent were fixed in neutral formalin solution and dissected. In segment S2, there was alwaysa portal branch located dorsally to the left hepatic tributary. In segment S3, there were three types of interdigitationsdistributed among two portal branches and two hepatic tributaries. In type A (26/40 cases, 65%), the tributariescrossed the dorsal portal branch posteriorly. In subtype A1 (19/26 cases), the tributaries pinched the ventral branch,and in subtype A2 (7/26 cases), they crossed the ventral branch posteriorly. In type B (11/40 cases, 27.5%), the twotributaries pinched the dorsal portal branch, with both pinching the ventral portal branch in subtype B1 (7/11 cases)but only the ventral tributary crossing the latter branch in subtype B2 (4/11 cases). In type C (3/40 cases, 7.5%), theventral and dorsal tributaries crossed the dorsal portal branch anteriorly, with both vessels also crossing the ventralportal branch anteriorly in subtype C1 (2 cases) and only the ventral tributary crossing this branch in C2 (1 case). Inall cases, it was possible to differentiate S2 from S3, even when in type C cases there was no hepatic tributaryseparating them. Moreover, in 23/40 cases (57.5%) there was a fissural umbilical vein greater than 5 mm in diameterand, in 5/23 cases this vein superficially crossed the portal branch destined to segment S3.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Hepatic Veins , Portal Vein , Portal Vein/anatomy & histology , Portal Vein/cytology , Hepatic Veins/anatomy & histology , Hepatic Veins/ultrastructure , Brazil , Cadaver , Liver/blood supply
18.
Rev. ciênc. méd., (Campinas) ; 12(1): 15-24, jan.-mar. 2003. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-350123

ABSTRACT

O conhecimento minucioso da drenagem venosa da parte direita do fígado é importante para os métodos de exame e para os procedimentos cirúrgicos em doenças hepáticas. Foram dissecadas as veias hepáticas e a veia porta na parte direita de 40 fígados fixados e conservados em soluçäo de formol. A veia hepática direita foi classificada em quatro tipos, de acordo com seu território de drenagem: tipos usual (70,0 por cento) e hiperdesenvolvido (12,5 por cento), para os segmentos hepáticos S6, S7, S8 e uma parte respectivamente menor e maior de S5; restrita a um terço superior do lobo direito (10,0 por cento) para os segmentos S7 e S8 e restrita a dois terços superiores do lobo (7,5 por cento para os segmentos S7, S8 e parte de S6.As veias hepáticas curtas (52,5 por cento) auxiliaram na drenagem dos segmentos S6 e S7 e desembocaram diretamente na veiacava inferior. A veia anterior direita (22,5 por cento) tributária de veia hepática intermédia calibrosa, drenava a parte mais baixa do segmento S6. A veia hepática direita, as veias hepáticas curtas e a veia hepática direita anterior apresentaram complementaridade na drenagem venosa da divisäo lateral da parte direita do fígado (segmentos S6 e S7). Na regiäo superior do lobo direito ( segmentos S7 e S8) foram observados cinco tipos de radículos superiores portais segmentares (P7 e P8), as veias hepáticas curtas e as veias hepáticas direita e intermédia, nas seguintes radículas: posterior (77,5 por cento), anterior (92,5 por cento), lateral (85,0 por cento), medial (37,5 por cento) e intersegmentar (57,5 por cento).


Subject(s)
Humans , Portal Vein , Hepatic Veins/anatomy & histology
19.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-124385

ABSTRACT

Formation, position, course and areas of drainage by hepatic veins were studied in 153 adult autopsy specimens. There were three major hepatic veins; left, middle and right. The middle hepatic vein (MHV) joined the left hepatic vein (LHV) in 88.2% specimens before the latter opened into inferior vena cava (IVC). Each major hepatic vein was joined by a superior vein. An intersegmental vein was present in the septum between the medial and lateral segments; it either joined the LHV or MHV. Formation and course of posterior hepatic veins (small veins) have been described and a nomenclature has been suggested. The right suprarenal vein either opened directly into IVC or joined the superior or inferior posterior hepatic veins.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Hepatic Veins/anatomy & histology , Humans , India , Liver/anatomy & histology , Liver Circulation , Middle Aged
20.
Acta cir. bras ; 17(6): 381-387, 2002. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-325072

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To determine pig liver sectorization and segmentation through the representation of their correlation to portal and hepatic veins, and through the development of virtual reality (VR) animation. METHODS: Twenty models were obtained by injection of portal and hepatic veins from Landrace pig livers with a methyl methacrylate solution, and by corrosion of the hepatic parenchyma with chloride acid 35 percent. VR animation of one of these models was conducted through graphic software (3D Studio Max 3.0). RESULTS: Constant presence of eight segments and six venous drainage sectors was observed. Pig portal vein bifurcation was not noticed. Hepatic veins were named according to their embryological origin. Correlation between venous system and hepatic parenchyma was established by means of VR animation. CONCLUSION: These models facilitated both the study of pig hepatic sectors and segments, and the proposal of hepatic veins nomenclature. These models have also been used for the development of VR animated models which show the correlation between the hepatic parenchyma and the pig liver venous system as well as the observation of them from several points of view.


Subject(s)
Animals , Liver/anatomy & histology , Image Processing, Computer-Assisted , Portal Vein , Hepatic Veins/anatomy & histology , Anatomy, Comparative , Imaging, Three-Dimensional , Swine
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